home-icon chevron-right-icon Bonus chevron-right-icon no deposit

Best No Deposit Bonuses in Canada 2023

oliver jackson
Written By Oliver Jackson

We’ve tested dozens of no deposit casino bonuses and picked out the best ones. Whether you’re looking for no deposit free spins or bonus funds, we’ve got you covered.

Best No Deposit Bonus Casinos 2023

sort-icon
  • free-spins-icon No deposit required
  • bonus-wagering-terms-icon 50 spins on top slot
  • dealer-live-icon 48 hours to complete
No Deposit Free Spins 50 Spins
Bonus Details
● 18+ ● New players only. ● With dedicated promotion link only. ● Valid for Zeus the Thunderer slot. ● 40 cents spin value.  ● Must be claimed and played within 48 hours. ● Maximum winnings are capped to 50 EUR. ● Player will be offered 2 options: to take Free Spins winnings or to cancel it and take a welcome offer instead. ● Wagering Free Spins winnings: 40 times within 72 hours. ● Only player's own real money play in slots will contribute to the FS winnings wagering.  ● Maximum bet: 5 EUR . ● General Bonus terms and conditions apply. General Terms and Conditions apply.
Payment Methods
muchbetter astropay jeton wallet flexepin mifinity visa interac mastercard vanilla prepaid
Payment Details
  • Max Deposit $5000
  • Min Deposit $10
Licenses
Netherlands Antilles
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley
  • bonus-no-deposit-icon $5 No deposit funds
  • email-icon Simply verify your email
  • casino-games-icon Play on a selection of games
No Deposit Bonus $5 No Deposit Bonus
Bonus Details
New Canadian players only. Email verification required. No bonus code needed. 7x wagering applied to winnings. Maximum payout $50. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
interac visa mastercard vanilla prepaid
Licenses
Malta
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley
Exclusive
  • bonus-welcome-icon Generous Welcome Bonus Package
  • new-icon Brand New Casino
  • bitcoin-icon Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies accepted
No Deposit Bonus 25 Spins
Bonus Details
25 free spins on Victoria Wild West. Registration and email verification required. 45x wagering. Bonus code: FS25. Maximum win $65. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
visa maestro mastercard instadebit idebit neosurf interac ecopayz bank transfer coinspaid vanilla prepaid
Payment Details
  • Min Deposit 20€
Licenses
Curacao, Cyprus
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson
Exclusive
  • email-icon 25 Free Spins for verifying your email
  • mobile-icon 25 free spins for verifying your phone number
  • bonus-wagering-terms-icon Low 10x wagering
No Deposit Free Spins 50 Spins
Bonus Details
50 free spins available. 25 awarded when you verify your email. 25 more when you verify your phone number. Free spins on 'Midas Golden Touch'. 10x wagering. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac maestro trustly idebit vanilla prepaid
Payment Details
  • Max Deposit $6000
  • Min Deposit $30
Licenses
Malta
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson
  • bonus-no-deposit-icon No deposit required
  • winner-icon $25 upon registration
  • rating-icon 90 days to complete
No Deposit Sign-up Offer $25 no deposit bonus
Bonus Details
18+ Max. wins $500 (excl. verified Jackpot winnings) Deposits made with Skrill or NETELLER are not eligible Limited to 1 person per household Selected games only 40x wagering Wagering contributions apply 90 days expiry
Payment Methods
webmoney visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac trustly astropay idebit bank transfer muchbetter vanilla prepaid
Licenses
United Kingdom, Gibraltar, Schleswig-Holstein, New Jersey, AAMS (ADM)
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley
Exclusive
  • email-icon 25 Free Spins for verifying your email
  • mobile-icon 25 free spins for verifying your phone number
  • bonus-wagering-terms-icon Low 10x wagering
No Deposit Free Spins 50 Spins
Bonus Details
Payment Methods
visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac maestro trustly idebit neosurf klarna vanilla prepaid
Licenses
Malta
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley
Exclusive
  • dealer-live-icon Available immediately upon registration
  • fairness-icon 30 free spins on top slot
  • bonus-icon 3 days to complete
No Deposit Free Spins 30 Spins
Bonus Details
18+. Promotional link only. 1 account only. Available immediately upon registration on Book of Dead. No deposit required. 35x wagering on slot games only to be completed within 3 days after activation. Offer expires after 7 days. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard giropay ecopayz interac trustly entercash zimpler muchbetter jeton wallet
Licenses
United Kingdom, Malta
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson
  • undefined-icon No deposit required
  • undefined-icon 50 spins on 3 top slots
  • undefined-icon 7 days to complete wagering
GratoWin No Deposit Bonus 50 Spins
Bonus Details
18+, new players only, one bonus per household, expiry: 24 hours, 50 free spins upon registration, eligible slots: Pyramid Spin, Demon Diamond, Scratch King, wagering 35x, maximum win: $200 
Payment Methods
interac flexepin cashtocode
Payment Details
  • Max Deposit $5000
  • Min Deposit $10
Licenses
Curacao
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson
  • crypto-icon Cryptocurrencies accepted
  • withdraw-icon Fast withdrawal times
  • support-icon Excellent customer support
Welcome Bonus CA 150% up to $330 + 170 Spins
Bonus Details
1st deposit 100% match up to $120 + 120 FS. 2nd deposit 50% up to $180 + 50 FS. Minimum deposit $30. 40x wagering.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard bitcoin litecoin ethereum vanilla prepaid
Payment Details
  • Min Deposit $1
Licenses
Curacao, Kahnawake
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson

Top 2 No Deposit Casino Offers for Canadian Players

If you’re new to online casinos it can be difficult to know what the best bonuses are. Our experts have compiled their top list with established and new no deposit casinos, but let's look at two great examples in more detail to give you a better understanding of the types of free no deposit bonuses on offer.

888Casino - best bonus terms

888casino is a highly respected brand that operates in markets across the world. It has been voted the best online casino at a number of prestigious ceremonies including the EGR awards in 2020. Their $25 no deposit bonus on registration is widely regarded as one of the top offers in Canada.

Players can get $25 simply for registering and have a generous 90 days to complete the 40x wagering requirements. 

A no deposit bonus with a monetary value is rare, and might give players more flexibility with regards to game selection. However, game restrictions and wagering contribution apply. Still, with 90 days to complete, winnings capped at $500 and a standard wagering of 40x we think this no deposit bonus is very much worth your while. 

Other benefits of playing at 888casino include an extensive VIP program, diverse games library and a good variety of payment methods supporting both instant deposits and fast payouts.

  • bonus-welcome-icon Highly valuable welcome offer
  • vip-icon VIP program available
  • slots-icon Exclusive slots
No Deposit Sign-up Offer $25 no deposit bonus
Bonus Details
18+ Max. wins $500 (excl. verified Jackpot winnings) Deposits made with Skrill or NETELLER are not eligible Limited to 1 person per household Selected games only 40x wagering Wagering contributions apply 90 days expiry
Payment Methods
webmoney visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac trustly astropay idebit bank transfer muchbetter vanilla prepaid
Licenses
United Kingdom, Gibraltar, Schleswig-Holstein, New Jersey, AAMS (ADM)
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley

N1 Casino - best game selection

With 50 no deposit free spins up for grabs, N1 Casino will surely catch the eye of players. To earn these spins, you’ll need to register. You will get 25 free spins when you validate your email and a further 25 when you verify your phone number.

This gives you the opportunity to play multiple no deposit bonuses at different times which might suit you better.

On top of the no deposit bonus, N1 also provides a generous welcome package of up to $2,150 which helps it stand out from the crowd.

There are not many online casinos that tick all the boxes, but N1 Casino Canada comes close. Not only does it deliver a lucrative welcome bonus and plenty of ongoing promotions, its massive game lobby is truly impressive.

Exclusive
  • jackpot-icon Dozens of jackpot slots
  • bonus-welcome-icon Exclusive welcome offer
  • payment-icon Trusted payment options
Welcome Bonus 50 No Deposit Free Spins + Up to $6000 + 200 Spins
Bonus Details
50 Free Spins upon registration + confirmation of email and phone number. $6000 over the first four deposits. Minimum deposit: $30. Wagering requirement: 50x. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac maestro trustly idebit vanilla prepaid
Payment Details
  • Max Deposit $6000
  • Min Deposit $30
Licenses
Malta
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson

What Is a Casino No Deposit Bonus?

Simply put, this is a bonus that does not require you to deposit funds. All no deposit bonuses give you the chance to win real money without parting with any of your own, so it’s easy to see why they are so popular. 

A casino no deposit bonus can be free spins or bonus cash. In the Canadian casino market, you’ll find these at many of the best casino sites which is great news for players.

A no deposit bonus, also known as a free sign up bonus, is usually only available to new customers upon creating an account. Casinos use these bonuses as a way to attract new players.

On this page, we’ll explain the different types of no deposit bonuses, how they work and what the best ones are.

complete guide to no deposit bonuses in canada

Why You Should Claim No Deposit Casino Bonuses

The advantages of a no deposit bonus over other casino bonuses are clear. With this bonus, players get the opportunity to try out new games, explore the casino and even win cash without risking any of their own money.

However, most no deposit bonuses come with conditions such as wagering requirements and time limits. To withdraw any bonus money or bonus wins, the bonus amout must be played through a number of times and there is often a limited amount of time to do that.

Still, free casino sign up offers are completely risk-free and, as long as the bonus terms are realistic and achievable, there’s no reason to not claim a no deposit casino bonus.

bell-icon

Although you won’t have to deposit to use the bonus, you will have to do so to withdraw any winnings.

Pros

  • check-fill-icon
    No deposit required
  • check-fill-icon
    Chance to try new games
  • check-fill-icon
    Chance to play favourite games
  • check-fill-icon
    Try a new casino out
  • check-fill-icon
    Possibly winning for nothing

Cons

  • close-fill-icon
    Time limits
  • close-fill-icon
    Game restrictions
  • close-fill-icon
    Caps on winnings

How to Claim a No Deposit Bonus

Claiming a no deposit bonus in Canada at an online casino is relatively easy, but it may sometimes involve more than just signing up. In such cases, there are a few other simple steps to complete. The process should look something like this:

Claiming a no deposit bonus in 5 steps

01 register casino Register with the casino

from our top list that offers your preferred no deposit bonus. 

02 check bonus Check if a bonus code is needed

and enter if it so.

03 claim bonus 1 Claim the bonus

by clicking "Claim Bonus" in the specified section.

04 play selected games Play your bonus

on the selected games.

03 go to cashier Withdraw your winnings

if any.

This is how most online casinos will set up a no deposit bonus. The only possible difference will be where you hit the claim button. This should be made clear by the individual site though. You’ll also get a step-by-step walkthrough in all of our casino reviews.

bell-icon

You may also need to verify your ID when registering for a no deposit bonus. This is standard in Canada.

Types of No Deposit Bonuses

A no deposit bonus in Canada is not hard to find. It is particularly popular with new online casinos. Our top list of no deposit casinos shows all the latest no deposit bonuses available at the best casinos.

This type of bonus can come in two different forms. Bonus cash or free spins. In our experience, free spins are the most common but that's not to say bonus cash doesn’t exist.

You may also come across “free play,” but we’ll explain why that is not included here.

Free Spins

It is common practice for free spins to be given on a singular game, especially when part of a welcome offer. For example, new players at N1 casino will receive 50 free spins on the popular “Midas Golden Touch.” 

It’s worth noting that there will likely be wagering requirements. This means that if you earn any winnings, you’ll need to play through them a set number of times before they will be credited automatically to your players account.

Exclusive
  • jackpot-icon Dozens of jackpot slots
  • bonus-welcome-icon Exclusive welcome offer
  • payment-icon Trusted payment options
No Deposit Free Spins 50 Spins
Bonus Details
50 free spins available. 25 awarded when you verify your email. 25 more when you verify your phone number. Free spins on 'Midas Golden Touch'. 10x wagering. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac maestro trustly idebit vanilla prepaid
Payment Details
  • Max Deposit $6000
  • Min Deposit $30
Licenses
Malta
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson

Cash Bonus

This is bonus funds awarded by the casino and can be used on a set game or games. Winnings will be available to withdraw (once the terms of the offer are met) and can be turned into cash.

  • security-icon Audited by several organisations
  • roulette-live-dealer-icon Huge variety of live games
  • bonus-welcome-icon Multi-tier welcome offer
No Deposit Bonus $5 No Deposit Bonus
Bonus Details
New Canadian players only. Email verification required. No bonus code needed. 7x wagering applied to winnings. Maximum payout $50. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
interac visa mastercard vanilla prepaid
Licenses
Malta
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley

Mobile Bonus

Some online operators provide a no deposit bonus to use exclusively on a mobile app. This can come in the form of free spins or cash. All you have to do is register and make sure you play from your mobile device, whether that be a phone or a tablet.

Although we have to say this is rare. The best bonuses can be used on both the desktop and mobile versions of a casino. But for fans of playing on the go, look out for the exclusive deals as they may offer better value.

Free Play

Free play indicates that you are playing in a demo mode. This means you are playing with token funds instead of real money. So, no matter if you win or not you won’t be able to withdraw anything as it is just a demo.

It is available at plenty of the best online casinos and it’s a great tool, especially for new players. You’re able to get the feel for a game and see the bonus rounds. It should give you an idea of how you would enjoy it with real funds. Contrary to free spins or no deposit bonus funds, there are usually no game limitations i.e. most games are available to be played in fun mode.

When we talk about no deposit bonuses on this page, we are referring to free bonuses, not free play.

Differences Between Free Play and No Deposit Bonus Funds

  • Free play: often for slots. live games tend to be omitted. No cash can be withdrawn from free play
  • No Deposit Bonus Funds: Can include a wide range of games, live casino sometimes included, common as part of a welcome offer, cash can be withdrawn.
info-icon

In our casino reviews, we will also highlight whether demo mode is available or not.

No Deposit Bonus Codes in Canada

Bonus codes used to be very popular and were necessary for most casino bonuses in Canada. However, there has been a shift in this trend with most online sites now operating with automated bonuses. This is good news for players, as it means there are fewer steps to complete.

In saying that, some online casinos do have bonus codes, giving players access to exclusive no deposit bonuses. So, make sure you check our step-by-step bonus guides in our reviews.

No Deposit Bonus Terms and Conditions

It’s important that the terms of the offer are fair. Yes, we can say that it doesn’t matter too much as there is no risk involved with a free casino sign up offer, but it does. It will give an indication of how trustworthy the operator is.

For example, if the wagering requirement is over 100x then there is no point in taking the offer, as it isn’t going to be achievable, and in this case, we’d look unfavourably on the casino.

A free bonus needs to give players a genuine advantage and the terms of the offer can make or break this.

The key terms to look out for are:

  • Wagering
  • Time limits
  • Maximum win
  • Game restrictions

Wagering Requirements

Arguably the most important term. The wagering requirement indicates the number of times you have to play your bonus before it turns into withdrawable cash. For a casino no deposit bonus, this usually applies to the winnings. For example, if you’re awarded 50 free spins and you win $50 - the wagering will apply to the $50.

Standard wagering for free spins varies quite a bit. Some sites will have this as low as 10x, particularly for new player offers. But the average range is anywhere between 35 - 50x.

Of course, wagering also applies to bonus funds. The wagering, in this case, can either apply to the bonus amount or the winnings from the bonus. Similarly to free spins, the average wagering is 35 - 50x.

It might seem high, but we’ve managed to play out several of the no deposit free spins for cash. In our experience, you do have to get a bit lucky to win a large amount, but that’s always the case when playing slots.

If you want to understand more about wagering requirements, check out our casino bonuses page as this explains it in more detail.

info-icon

Some free spins bonuses do not have any wagering attached. These are rare but great.

Time Limits

Keep your eye out for the time limit of a promotion. No deposit offers tend to have a short life span. If you sign up with a new casino, you’ll likely need to claim the no deposit bonus within a day. You’ll then have around 7 days to complete the wagering.

If you do not complete the wagering requirements within the set time period, then the bonus is lost. That means any winnings you may have accumulated will be voided. This is something that online casinos are strict about. You won’t be able to contact support and ask for more time as it will be clearly stated in the terms.

Also bear in mind that the completion date is not the same as the claim-by date. Be sure to claim the bonus as soon as possible if you intend to use it.

info-icon

Ensure you claim the bonus within the allotted time or risk not being able to claim it.

Maximum Win

There will likely be a cap on how much you can win with a bonus. This is true for most casino bonuses. For example on Slothunter, the maximum cashout limit for their 50 no deposit free spins offer is $300. We think this is reasonable given the fact that you don’t need to deposit. Some no deposit promotions set lower win amounts. You’ll need to check the full terms and conditions to find this information.

We do test this, so if you want to know about a specific site then check out the dedicated reviews.

bell-icon

Maximum bet limits will also be set. For example, a maximum of $5 a spin will apply during wagering. If you play more than this, then it won’t count.

Game Restrictions

Most, if not all, no deposit bonuses can only be wagered on selected games. When it comes to no deposit cash bonuses, the variety of options tends to be wider than with free spins, which can only be played on a handfull, or even just one slot game. Live casino games are usually excluded from any type of free bonus.

Even though your favourite games may not be included in the list of eligible games, the restriction gives you the opportunity to try out games you might not normally play.

  • casino-games-icon Extensive games library
  • bonus-cashback-icon Reload and cashback bonuses available
  • bonus-no-deposit-icon No deposit bonus
Welcome Bonus Up to $6,000 + 250 free spins
Bonus Details
Minimum deposit: $30. Wagering requirement: 50x. Time limit: 30 days per deposit.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard ecopayz instadebit interac maestro trustly idebit neosurf klarna vanilla prepaid
Licenses
Malta
charlotte paisley Reviewed by Charlotte Paisley

Free No Deposit Bonus Games

We like that we have the chance to try out new games with a no deposit bonus without having to use our own funds. It means that you can try before you buy. It’s a great way to go out of your comfort zone and try something new.

The games you can play with a no deposit bonus will likely be determined by the terms. So, let's take a closer look at what these could be.

Slots

By far the most popular offering for no deposit bonuses is slots. No deposit free spins will, in our experience, 90% of the time be awarded on a specific slot. We’ve found that these are well-known slots by top providers so you can rest assured that you have a fair chance of winning.

Our experts have highlighted three stand out offers. These sites do not only provide excellent offers but great overall casinos too.

  • 7bit - 20 free spins - excellent mobile experience
  • 888Casino - 30 free spins - world-class reputation
  • Katsubet - 10 free spins - over 7,000 games


Other Games

If you receive a free no deposit bonus, this is a bonus amount which can be used on a variety of games. It is rare for these to have to be used on a single game (although there will be restrictions).

These give you the ability to pick a game that you might not normally play. Slots will tend to be included too - so you have a wide range of options.

The only omission is that of the live casino. We’ve not come across any no deposit bonus that allow for bonus wagering to be in the live casino. We will update this page if that changes.

The top three table and card games where you could use your bonus are:

  • Blackjack
  • Roulette
  • Baccarat

These are hugely popular due to their ease of play. We should note that wagering game contributions could come into play here. Slots will usually always contribute 100% whereas blackjack is set around the 50% mark. This means if you play blackjack, you’ll have to play through twice as much.

bell-icon

Regardless of where you play your bonus, there will likely be wagering requirements attached.

Exclusive
  • dealer-live-icon Wide range of live games
  • fairness-icon Reasonable wagering requirements
  • bonus-icon Excellent Loyalty program
No Deposit Free Spins 30 Spins
Bonus Details
18+. Promotional link only. 1 account only. Available immediately upon registration on Book of Dead. No deposit required. 35x wagering on slot games only to be completed within 3 days after activation. Offer expires after 7 days. Full T&Cs apply.
Payment Methods
visa mastercard giropay ecopayz interac trustly entercash zimpler muchbetter jeton wallet
Licenses
United Kingdom, Malta
oliver jackson Reviewed by Oliver Jackson

How Do We Pick Our Top No Deposit Casinos?

Before we select our best no deposit casino bonuses, we consider several factors. At CasinosCanada, you can be sure that we’ve tested the bonus so you’re getting a true review. We look for:

Bonus amount - We assess the number of free spins and their value. Anything that offers more than 20 free spins or $10 in bonus cash usually catches our attention.

Wagering requirements - The lower the better for wagering. If we think a bonus is set as an achievable wagering requirement we’ll highlight it as recommended.

Time limits - All wagering needs to be completed in a set time period at online Canadian casinos. The longer the time, the better for players. Offers that need to be completed in short periods can be hard to achieve.

Variety of games - We don’t put too much emphasis on this, although it is still considered. If free spins are awarded on a specific slot, then we’ll assess how good we think the slot is. However, where you play through your winnings is more important. You won’t be able to play every game at a casino, but we do like to see several options.

Other promotions - If an online casino has great promotions beyond their free bonus, we see this as a plus. Therefore, we examine ongoing bonuses too.

Trust level - Another factor we consider is how trustworthy an online casino is. At CasinosCanada, we take safety seriously. You have to feel safe parting with your details and measures should be provided to help you play responsibly. That's why we only recommend sites you can trust.

no deposit bonus important points

Conclusion

No deposit bonuses are a great way to try out a new casino or game. They give you the opportunity to win cash without risking any of your own money and because of that, are in high demand.

The good news is that many operators in Canada provide these as part of their sign up package. Free spins bonuses will often be refreshed, so there's no shortage of new no deposit bonuses. It’s also worth noting that other bonuses and ongoing promotions are also available at these casinos.

Check out our  list of best no deposit offers  and take your pick of a great bonus today.

No Deposit FAQ

What is the best no deposit casino bonus in Canada? chevron-down-icon

The best no deposit bonus is easy to understand and will only have a few restrictions. You have to consider a few factors when deciding what the best no deposit bonus is, but our top three are 888casino, Energy casino and N1 casino.

How does a no deposit bonus work? chevron-down-icon

A no deposit bonus works in the same way as a regular casino bonus with the exception of depositing money. You will need to claim the bonus and meet the requirements before you can withdraw funds. Each no deposit bonus is slightly different, but we have strict criteria for how we rate them.

What is a no deposit bonus? chevron-down-icon

A no deposit bonus is offered by online casinos in Canada to attract players and has many advantages. There is no need to deposit to use this bonus, so it is risk-free. You may need to register and verify your email address before you can use it, but the process should be straightforward.

How can I get a no deposit bonus? chevron-down-icon

To get your hands on a no deposit bonus, simply check out our top best no deposit offers list. Here you’ll find the best on the market.

  1. Click on the link from our page
  2. Register
  3. Verify if need be
  4. Play with your no deposit bonus
Can I win money from a no deposit bonus? chevron-down-icon

Yes, you can. A no deposit bonus is different from free play as you have the chance to win real money. Your winnings will likely be capped when using a no deposit bonus, but that isn’t always the case.

Can multiple no deposit bonuses be used at the same time? chevron-down-icon

As with almost all bonuses and welcome offers, when multiple bonuses are offered, players can only choose one. However, most no deposit signup offers also include a deposit match bonus as part of the same offer.

What payment methods are eligible for no deposit bonuses? chevron-down-icon

When it comes to paying out your no deposit bonus or wins, the same restrictions will apply as with deposit bonuses, depending on the casino. Important to note is that, for verification purposes, a deposit must be made before any cash can be withdrawn.

What is a non-matched deposit bonus? chevron-down-icon

With most deposit bonuses you’ll be awarded 100% of your deposit amount by the casino. This is known as a deposit match bonus. Any bonuses that require a deposit, but where the bonus amount is not related to the deposit size can be described as a non-matched deposit bonus.

Meet the Author
Having grown up in Canada and witnessed the marketplace evolve over the last 25 years, Oliver decided that a career in the industry was his calling. He is a Business and Marketing graduate and has a penchant for delving into trends and dissecting topics for the readers.